What is cucumber and BDD framework?

What are the advantages of using Cucumber BDD framework in testing Some advantages of using the Cucumber BDD framework in testing are:

1. Improved collaboration: The plain language syntax of Cucumber makes it easier for both technical and non-technical stakeholders to understand and contribute to the testing process.

2. Readability and maintainability: Cucumber scenarios are written in a human-readable format, making them easier to understand and maintain. This allows for better communication and collaboration between team members.

3. Test reusability: Cucumber allows the reuse of step definitions across multiple scenarios, reducing duplication and improving efficiency in test creation and maintenance.

4. Test traceability: Cucumber provides clear traceability between features, scenarios, and step definitions, making it easier to track and understand the test coverage.

5. Business-focused testing: Cucumber allows tests to be written in a business-focused language, enabling stakeholders to easily validate that the system meets their requirements.

6. Integration with other tools: Cucumber can be easily integrated with other testing tools and frameworks, such as Selenium, to perform end-to-end testing.

7. Continuous Integration: Cucumber can be integrated with continuous integration tools to automate the execution of tests as part of the CI/CD pipeline.

8. Behavior-driven development: Cucumber follows the BDD approach, which emphasizes collaboration and shared understanding between developers, testers, and business stakeholders.

9. Agile methodology support: Cucumber fits well with agile methodologies, as it enables iterative development and continuous testing.

10. Scalability: Cucumber allows testing on a large scale, as it supports the execution of multiple scenarios in parallel. This can significantly reduce execution time for large test suites.

How to write a feature file in Cucumber BDD framework In Cucumber BDD framework, a feature file is used to define high-level user scenarios or features to be tested. It typically follows the Given-When-Then format.

Here’s an example of how to write a feature file:

Feature: Login functionality
As a user
I want to be able to login to my account

Scenario: Successful login
Given I am on the login page
When I enter valid credentials
And I click the login button
Then I should be redirected to the home page

Scenario: Invalid credentials
Given I am on the login page
When I enter invalid credentials
And I click the login button
Then I should see an error message

Each feature file starts with the keyword “Feature” followed by a description of the feature. Scenarios are defined using the keyword “Scenario” followed by a scenario description.

Each scenario consists of steps defined using keywords like “Given”, “When”, “Then”, and “And”. The steps describe the actions and expected outcomes of the scenario.

How to write step definitions in Cucumber BDD framework Step definitions in Cucumber BDD framework map the steps defined in the feature file to the corresponding automation code. Here’s an example of how to write step definitions:

“`java
import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;
import cucumber.api.java.en.When;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;

public class StepDefinitions {

@Given(“^I am on the login page$”)
public void i_am_on_the_login_page() {
// Code to navigate to the login page
}

@When(“^I enter valid credentials$”)
public void i_enter_valid_credentials() {
// Code to enter valid credentials
}

@When(“^I click the login button$”)
public void i_click_the_login_button() {
// Code to click the login button
}

@Then(“^I should be redirected to the home page$”)
public void i_should_be_redirected_to_the_home_page() {
// Code to verify the redirection to the home page
}

@When(“^I enter invalid credentials$”)
public void i_enter_invalid_credentials() {
// Code to enter invalid credentials
}

@Then(“^I should see an error message$”)
public void i_should_see_an_error_message() {
// Code to verify the error message
}
}
“`

In this example, each step definition method is annotated with one of the Given, When, or Then annotations. The annotation is followed by a regular expression that matches the corresponding step in the feature file.

Inside each step definition method, the actual automation code is written to perform the actions and assertions mentioned in the step.

How to run Cucumber tests in the Test Runner File In Cucumber BDD framework, the Test Runner file is used to define and execute the cucumber scenarios.

Here’s an example of how to define and execute the Test Runner File:

“`java
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.junit.Cucumber;

@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(features = “path/to/feature/files”, glue = “package_name”,
tags = “@tag_name”, plugin = {“pretty”, “html:target/cucumber-reports”})
public class TestRunner {

}
“`

In this example, the Test Runner class is annotated with the @RunWith(Cucumber.class) annotation to specify the cucumber test runner.

The @CucumberOptions annotation is used to specify various options for the cucumber execution:

– features: The path to the directory or file containing feature files.
– glue: The package name where the step definitions are located.
– tags: The tags to be executed. Only scenarios with matching tags will be executed.
– plugin: The plugins to be used for generating reports. In this example, the “pretty” and “html” plugins are specified. The “html” plugin generates HTML reports in the specified target folder.

To execute the Cucumber tests, you can simply run the Test Runner class as a JUnit test.

Can Cucumber be used for API testing as well Yes, Cucumber can be used for API testing as well. Cucumber supports the use of different plugins and libraries to make API calls and perform assertions on the response.

To use Cucumber for API testing, you can define feature files with scenarios that describe the API endpoints and expected responses. Then, you can write step definitions that call the API and perform validations on the response.

Here’s an example of a feature file for API testing:

“`gherkin
Feature: User API
As a user
I want to be able to create and retrieve user records

Scenario: Create a user
Given I have the following user data:
| name | email |
| John | [email protected] |
When I send a POST request to “/users”
Then the response status code should be 201

Scenario: Retrieve a user
Given a user with ID “123”
When I send a GET request to “/users/123”
Then the response status code should be 200
And the response body should contain:
| name | email |
| John | [email protected] |
“`

And here’s an example of corresponding step definitions using the RestAssured library:

“`java
import cucumber.api.PendingException;
import cucumber.api.java.en.*;
import io.restassured.RestAssured;
import io.restassured.response.Response;
import io.restassured.specification.RequestSpecification;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;

public class APITestStepDefinitions {

private RequestSpecification request;
private Response response;

@Given(“^I have the following user data:$”)
public void i_have_the_following_user_data(Table table) {
// Code to parse and store the user data from the table
}

@When(“^I send a POST request to \”([^\”]*)\”$”)
public void i_send_a_POST_request_to(String endpoint) throws Throwable {
// Code to send a POST request to the specified endpoint with the user data
}

@Then(“^the response status code should be (\\d+)$”)
public void the_response_status_code_should_be(int statusCode) throws Throwable {
assertEquals(statusCode, response.getStatusCode());
}

// Implement other step definitions for the remaining steps in the feature file
}
“`

In this example, we are using the RestAssured library to send API requests and perform assertions on the response.

How does Cucumber handle data-driven testing Cucumber provides support for data-driven testing through scenarios outlined in feature files and corresponding step definitions.

In Cucumber, data-driven testing can be achieved by using scenario outline and examples tables in feature files.

Here’s an example:

“`gherkin
Feature: Login functionality
As a user
I want to be able to login to my account with different credentials

Scenario Outline: Login with valid credentials
Given I am on the login page
When I enter “” and “”
And I click the login button
Then I should be redirected to the home page

Examples:
| username | password |
| user1 | pass1 |
| user2 | pass2 |
| user3 | pass3 |
“`

In this example, the scenario outline is followed by an examples table, which contains multiple sets of test data. Each row in the examples table represents a separate execution of the scenario using the specified values.

The step definitions for the scenario outline can then use the values from the examples table using placeholders like “” and ““.

Here’s an example of the corresponding step definitions:

“`java
import cucumber.api.PendingException;
import cucumber.api.java.en.*;

public class StepDefinitions {

@Given(“^I am on the login page$”)
public void i_am_on_the_login_page() throws Throwable {
// Code to navigate to the login page
}

@When(“^I enter \”([^\”]*)\” and \”([^\”]*)\”$”)
public void i_enter_and(String username, String password) throws Throwable {
// Code to enter the username and password
}

@When(“^I click the login button$”)
public void i_click_the_login_button() throws Throwable {
// Code to click the login button
}

@Then(“^I should be redirected to the home page$”)
public void i_should_be_redirected_to_the_home_page() throws Throwable {
// Code to verify the redirection to the home page
}
}
“`

In this example, the step definition for the “When I enter” step takes two parameters representing the username and password values from the examples table.

During the test execution, Cucumber will iterate through the examples table and execute the scenario multiple times with different sets of test data.

Can Cucumber be used with other testing frameworks like JUnit and TestNG Yes, Cucumber can be used in conjunction with other testing frameworks like JUnit and TestNG.

Cucumber provides a way to define and execute scenarios using the traditional JUnit or TestNG test runners.

Here’s an example of how to use Cucumber with JUnit:

“`java
import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.junit.Cucumber;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;

@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(features = “path/to/feature/files”, glue = “package_name”)
public class CucumberTests {
}
“`

In this example, the CucumberTests class is annotated with the JUnit @RunWith(Cucumber.class) annotation to specify the cucumber test runner.

The @CucumberOptions annotation is used to specify various options for the cucumber execution, such as the path to the feature files and the package name where the step definitions are located.

To execute the Cucumber tests with JUnit, you can simply run the CucumberTests class as a JUnit test.

Similar to JUnit, Cucumber can also be used with TestNG. Here’s an example of how to use Cucumber with TestNG:

“`java
import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.testng.AbstractTestNGCucumberTests;

@CucumberOptions(features = “path/to/feature/files”, glue = “package_name”)
public class CucumberTests extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests {
}
“`

In this example, the CucumberTests class extends the AbstractTestNGCucumberTests

What is the difference between Cucumber and BDD framework

Cucumber enables you with behavior-driven development(BDD). BDD enables you to write the scenarios in the plain language you prefer so that it gives more readability to technical and non-technical people. The Selenium-Cucumber framework supports programming languages such as Perl, PHP, Python, . NET, Java, etc.
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